Showing posts with label alcoholism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label alcoholism. Show all posts

Wednesday, 10 October 2018

An Insurrection. #MeToo 1897.

He: Fetch a beer, wife, damn you!
Why so idle here?

She: So now the gracious Tsar the man is
to shout a beer he wants?

He: A beer, I say! For tsar I am!
And rare the thirst the devil has
to see this night a woman lynched!

She: Police! Police! Murder! Murderer!
Madman my husband is to think himself our Father Tsar
and boast to wear the Devil’s crown!
Arrest him now!
His tongue is revolution!





Catherine Eisner believes passionately in plot-driven suspense fiction, a devotion to literary craft that draws on studies in psychoanalytical criminology and psychoactive pharmacology to explore the dark side of motivation, and ignite plot twists with unexpected outcomes. Within these disciplines Eisner’s fictions seek to explore variant literary forms derived from psychotherapy and criminology to trace the traumas of characters in extremis. Compulsive recurring sub-themes in her narratives examine sibling rivalry, rivalrous cousinhood, pathological imposture, financial chicanery, and the effects of non-familial male pheromones on pubescence, 
see Eisner’s Sister Morphine (2008)

Sunday, 23 February 2014

Literary Car Wrecks: Causality in Two Curious Cases of Gynæphobia and Beetlemania

Denton Welch                             Patrick Hamilton

Can one inciting incident in a feted writer’s life warp his emotional responses such that they tend towards misogyny or, as critically, towards mechanophobia? 

Well, yes. If the causal agent in the causal chain is a careless motor car driver and the writer suffers a near-fatal collision and, moreover, the motor car driver is a woman or a drunk, or both.

In the early 1930s two writers met such a misfortune, playwright and novelist, Patrick Hamilton, and artist and pseudoautobiographical novelist, Denton Welch, a misfortune that left both men emotionally and bodily scarred, their imaginations tormented by the reality of shattered self-image, dashed hopes and impaired physical integrity. 

In January 1932, while out for a walk in Earls Court, Hamilton was hit by a motor car steered by a drunk driver, and dragged through the street. Hamilton suffered severe facial disfigurement and injuries to his limbs, which were to leave him profoundly self-conscious, lamed and insecure. This event hastened the heavy drinking that would end in the chronic melancholic alcoholism that destroyed him before he reached old age.

Three years after Hamilton’s catastrophe, on June 9th, 1935, a Whitsun Bank Holiday weekend, Welch – aged twenty – was also hit by a motor car. A careless woman driver. He was thrown from his bicycle. His spine was fractured and he never fully recovered from the injury, enduring recurring, agonising pain, from which he would suffer until his early death, at the age of thirty-three.

Burroughsian sticky white milk oozing from wounded trees?

William Burroughs was not alone in admiring the literary art that sprang from Denton’s precocious pen, perforce held by an invalid’s hand . . . Edith Sitwell and EM Forster were early fans. It’s easy to see why.
 
But Burroughsian? Certainly, the sensuality of Denton’s descriptions and hallucinatory tight focus on surface texture recall exhibits brought back from LSD trips by explorers of inner space; q.v. an hallucinatory drug-induced freakout I can vouchsafe is the real article; see http://catherineeisnerfrance.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/freakout.html

Consider this self portrait, after Denton bathes in a river, for instance. (I have rendered the passage from In Youth is Pleasure in the first person.)
At last I dragged myself out and lay down on the bank in the sun. I took off my coat and looked with interest at the Greek sculpture effect which had been caused by my thin wet shirt clinging to my ribs and pectoral muscles. I admired myself. My body looked stronger and bigger, half revealed through folds of clammy cotton. My nipples showed like little icicle points, or tiny mountains on a wide rolling plain.
It’s true. Cut-ups from The Naked Lunch are not dissimilar from glittering fragments a thieving magpie might snatch from Welch’s solipsistic observational art. And choice phrases of his would not seem out of place in drug-fuelled chronicles from the Summer of Love had they been penned some three decades later.

Yet, regrettably, in Welch’s epicene effusions we cannot escape from noticing a peculiar gaucherie that pervades the bildungsroman exuberances; a preciosity overcome by jejunity.  A specific fixation emerges, as a bi-product of arrested development that is the necessary concomitant of invalidism in youth, as these passages from Maiden Voyage (1943) and In Youth is Pleasure (1944) demonstrate. More worryingly, they are hyperphobic in their intensity:
I did not like to see the rubber trees bleeding their milk into little tins strapped to their trunks. It made me remember a nightmare.
    I once found myself in a narrow, squalid street where people jostled me and threw their filth into the gutters. Suddenly I came upon a woman lying on the pavement, her head propped against a wall. She was crying hopelessly and whining and groaning through her tears.


    As I looked down my eyes focused on a great steel hat-pin. A shock of horror ran through me. The hat-pin pierced her left breast, the head and point appearing on each side of the globe of flesh. At her slightest movement milk spurted from the wounds, splashing her clothes and falling on her skin in white bubbles. I passed on, too dazed to think until I had reached the end of the road.
 
    Now in the rubber plantation at Singapore I remembered this dream again. I turned away from the sticky white milk oozing into the cups from the wounded trees. I waited in the car for the others, and when they had seen enough we drove over the red roads to the hotel where we were going to have lunch.
. . .
At the far end of the cave a low passage seemed to lead still deeper into the heart of the rock. Orvil went up and stood staring into the narrow tunnel. Tremors passed through him. He gulped, and gave a small involuntary skip of excitement. He began to walk down the tunnel as delicately as if great danger waited for him at the other end. Gently he turned the handle of another, much smaller door, then blazed his torch into the darkness beyond. 
    At first he did not take in fully what he saw. There, just opposite him, lying on a carved stone couch against the wall, were Charles and Aphra. Aphra’s dress had slipped down and one of her full breasts lay outside, cushioned on the folds of midnight velvet. Charles had his lips to the large coral nipple. He lay utterly relaxed against Aphra, his arms stretched out above his head to encircle her neck. Their eyes were shut; they seemed wonderfully peaceful and oblivious. 
    But it was only for a moment that Orvil saw them like this. The next instant Aphra sat up and blinked her eyes in fear and surprise. Her hand darted to her dress. Charles turned savagely and shook back his hair. He was about to spring to his feet.
    This brought Orvil to his senses. He flicked off the torch at once, then turned and ran.
. . .
He slowed down to a gentle pace and reconstructed the extraordinary scene in the inner grotto. Again he saw Charles and Aphra lying together on the stone couch. He blamed Aphra severely for not finding someone better to lie withsome very fine man . . .
    Suddenly the extraordinary idea came to him that Aphr
a had been feeding Charles, pretending that he was her baby. Once having imagined this, Orvil could not rid his mind of the grotesque picture. It hung before his eyes, growing and fading, and growing again. He saw Charles’s lips and Aphra’s breasts swelling and diminishing, like rubber objects first filled with air and then deflated. He saw jets of milk, and fountains pouring down.
    As usual, when any thought gnawed at him, he shook his head violently; but nothing changed. The frightening vignette, like something seen through a keyhole, still hung in the air.
. . . 
[Later, swimming . . .] As she came up gasping and spluttering, her eyes shut, Orvil saw the greenish shadowed valley between her big white breasts. The sight shocked him. He thought of Aphra in the grotto. He saw a hairless white camel in the desert. He was riding on its back, between the humps. They were not really humps but Constance’s breasts, or miniature volcanoes with holes at the top, out of which poured clouds of milky-white smoke, and sometimes long, thin, shivering tongues of fire. . . .
Incurable gynæphobia, indeed. Yet to me, more poignantly, the following lush, painterly recollection (from Maiden Voyage) contains a subliminal heartache, an elegiac hankering for the carefree days of able-bodied youth, a youth snatched from him on that inauspicious day in 1935, as he bicycled ‘. . . along a straight wide road, keeping close to the kerb, not looking behind or bothering about the traffic at all . . .’ and rode ‘. . . into a great cloud of agony and sickness.’ (A Voice Through a Cloud.)
Blue napkins, blue china and deep blue glass made me half expect blue food. But the caviare, from Siberia, was as black and glistening and as like oiled ball-bearings as ever.
The pathos of this description can perhaps be appreciated most only by an inveterate bicyclist of Denton’s generation whose dedicated maintenance routines included regular oil-baths for bearings-assemblies such as a bike’s axle hubs and steering column.   

As to the homoerotic subtext detected in Welch’s overwrought themes, I record here an extract from a keynote episode, composed in the sensuous prose for which he is justly celebrated (When I Was Thirteen, 1944). 
I kept very still, and he tied it [the neck-tie] tightly and rapidly with his hands. He gave the bows a little expert jerk and pat. His eyes had a very concentrated, almost crossed look and I felt him breathing down on my face. All down the front our bodies touched featherily; little points of warmth came together. The hard boiled shirts were warmed dinner-plates.
(Incidentally, when as a teenager I attended Brighton General Hospital as an outpatient, the brown-coated porter, who would wheel in the tea-urn trolley before the nurses’ shift began, happened to be Eric Oliver, the lover of Denton Welch and executor of his literary estate; Eric was regarded as quite a colourful character by the nurses.) 

In rereading Welch’s fictionalised autobiographical writings, I am struck by a singular thought: In Denton, semi-paralysed in arrested adolescence, have we found the Ur-Holden Caulfield, do you suppose? Just consider the thematic similarities: the menacing locker-room rituals of exclusive private schools (Repton versus Pencey Prep); the running away from crass schoolboy bullying as a callow act of rebellion; the encounters with red-light low-life; the hypersensitivity to ‘phoneyness’ . . . I could go on.

Certainly, British English literature can claim Denton as a precursor of the WASP adolescent sensibility – never mind that some questionable writings of his remain fey and effete and, for many admirers, his candour will be lauded as the authentic voice of teenage angst and, it must be added, lauded as the more authentic for its being rendered in a voice that never broke.


Hamilton’s Beetlemania – the Land of Coleoptera.

Another Sitwell patron/littérateur figures in the parallel lives of Welch and Hamilton, insofar as Osbert Sitwell, the brother of poetess Edith, was Patrick’s pal, and a baronet who never concealed his curiosity for the mores of Patrick’s early family life observed from the upper middle class gentility of a terraced mansion in Hove.

That life, as has been well-documented, was darkened by the oppressive shadow of the chronic alcoholism that consumed Patrick’s tyrannical father, a serial adulterer and a fraud.

Patrick, too, fell prey to heavy drinking, a dependency that became more problematic following the injuries he received in 1932 . . . a traumatic event that damned him to a lifelong hatred of the motor car and coloured his writings in the years that followed.

His motor accident first appeared in his work after he added a mindless, drunken hit-and-run episode to his novel, The Siege of Pleasure, before its late 1932 publication (the middle segment of his trilogy, Twenty Thousand Streets Under the Sky, 1935). A reworking of this episode on the perils of driving under the influence may be discovered in his radio play, To the Public Danger, in which a fickle girl rejects her boyfriend for a drunken high-speed car-ride with a rogue heedless of the threat to life.

Thereafter, the obsessive nature of his hatred can be tracked through key extracts from his novels; particularly, Hangover Square, and the sociopathic heartlessness of Peter the Fascist, in a passage that blends a love of heavy drinking and a Marxist loathing of Fascism with a disgust for the motorist:
He [George Harvey Bone] sat there, smoking and drinking with them, and not saying a word. He knew they would be reconciled. He knew they all loved Chamberlain and fascism and Hitler, and that they would be reconciled. Finally they became maudlin . . .
   ‘Well, I think I’m right,’ said Peter. ‘I’ve been to jail for it, anyway!’ And he laughed in his nasty, moustachy way . . .
    ‘I have been in jail twice, to be precise,’ said Peter, lighting another cigarette, and suddenly employing a large, pompous professorial tone. ‘On one occasion for socking a certain left-winger a precise and well deserved sock in the middle of his solar plexus, and on the other for a minor spot of homicide with a motor-car . . . ’
Not surprisingly, then, it is to Patrick Hamilton we owe perhaps the most famous passage in English literature to prophesy the Age of the Car.

It is found in Hamilton’s Ralph Gorse Trilogy whose fleeing conman-killer protagonist drives unconsciously ‘. . . not into the middle of England – but into the middle of the Land of Coleoptera (the rather sinister name for beetles used by serious students of insects).’   

The concluding chapter of Hamilton’s novel (Part II of his trilogy) has been described as a new Book of Revelations and itemises, with the biblical sonorities of a seer, a roll-call of all marques from the grievous plague of automobiles that covers the face of the whole earth, so that the land is darkened  . . .
. . . There were large, stately, black beetles – small, red, dashing (almost flying) beetles – and medium-sized grey, blue, white, brown, yellow, green, orange, cream, maroon, and black, black, black and again black-beetles.
. . . And in such swarms they still got into frantic muddles and obstructed each other – Ford arguing with Hillman, Alfa-Romeo with Bentley, Swift with Sunbeam, Talbot with Wolseley, Alvis with Buick, Cadillac with Fiat, Essex with Chrysler, Hispano-Suiza with Citroën, Austin with Bean, Daimler with Hupmobile, Lagonda with Lincoln, Morris-Cowley with Humber, Morris-Oxford with Studebaker, Vauxhall with Triumph, Standard with Riley, Packard with Singer, Rover with Bugatti, Star with Beardmore, Rolls Royce with Armstrong Siddeley, and Peugot with Invicta – to say nothing of obscure conflicts between the Amilcar, Ansaldo, Arrol-Aster, Ascot, Ballot, Beverley Barnes, Brocklebank, Calthorpe, Charron, Chevrolet, Delage, Delahaye, Erskine, Excelsior, Franklin, Frazer Nash, Gillett, Gwynne, Hotchkiss, Hudson, Imperia, Italia, Jordan, Jowett, Lanchester, Lancia, Marmon, Mercedes, Opel, Overland-Whippet, Panhard-Levassor, Peerless, Renault, Rhode, Salmson, Stutz, Trojan, Turner, Unic, Vermorel, Vulcan, Waverley and Willys-Knight.
. . . In this nightmare of Coleoptera only two sorts of beetle retained any dignity or charm. These – the lumbering Omnibus and Lorry – were very large, very helpful and for the most part smooth-tempered. 
. . . (All the other beetles had begun to kill men, women and children at a furiously increasing pace – practically at random.)
‘Practically at random.’ It was the soulless randomness of their injuries, the pointlessness, the mechanised stupidity of the modern world that places lethal machines in the hands of the feckless, that Patrick Hamilton and Denton Welch never forgave.




Catherine Eisner believes passionately in plot-driven suspense fiction, a devotion to literary craft that draws on studies in psychoanalytical criminology and psychoactive pharmacology to explore the dark side of motivation, and ignite plot twists with unexpected outcomes. Within these disciplines Eisner’s fictions seek to explore variant literary forms derived from psychotherapy and criminology to trace the traumas of characters in extremis. Compulsive recurring sub-themes in her narratives examine sibling rivalry, rivalrous cousinhood, pathological imposture, financial chicanery, and the effects of non-familial male pheromones on pubescence, 
and Listen Close to Me (2011)

Monday, 28 October 2013

Slaves to Seconal: Droguée Antonia/Anthony and the Fourth Man

How extraordinary to read long after the publication of my In Search of the Fourth Man (Ambit 193, 2008) that, according to Brigid Brophy, Anthony Blunt’s ‘... hospitality was multifarious but his own consumption [of alcohol when dining with him was] nil.’ 

Agreed, Blunt’s tastes were ‘austere’, as Brophy observes, but not in the matter of alcohol. Even when granted hindsight of Blunt’s public exposure as a Soviet spy (1979), Brophy misreads certain other character traits when she writes in 1986: ‘He spoke in a charming upper-class drawl that was neither an affectation nor quite an Edwardian relic, and he seemed forever on the verge of utter exhaustion.’

‘The wine is drawn, it must be drunk.’

‘Utter exhaustion?’ No wonder, when you consider that Blunt’s decades-long dependence on barbiturates (Seconal) was complicated by his alcoholism. Seconal can cause daytime drowsiness but this effect invariably worsens when the drug is taken with alcohol. Blunt would start drinking at 11 o’clock in the morning, and his alcoholism almost certainly inhibited the anaesthetic activity of his brain’s barbiturate receptor sites. These co-existing counteractions would have significantly increased the anxiety neurosis that his chronic alcohol ingestion sustained, a conflict that was manifested in the jaded, unrousable manner I describe as evident when meeting him at the Courtauld Institute.
    I heard the voice – a mellifluous modulated drawl ...  I observed Sir Anthony surreptitiously beneath lowered lashes while I pretended to examine a small maquette on his desk, an ill-carved figure he evidently used as a paperweight among his card index boxes.
    ‘One can see with half an eye it’s a fake,’ were Blunt’s first words.   
    In his own eyes, I thought, there is nothing written he allows you to read.
    They were eyes of palest Cambridge blue, set in the face, I assumed, of a jaded critic nothing could rouse.
    There were wine bottles on the table and he poured me a glass ... 
    Blunt took a sip of wine and his nose wrinkled. That acidic downcast mouth reminded me of a turbot with a lemon slice in it.
    ‘The wine is drawn, it must be drunk,’ he observed sorrowfully.      
    We were drinking a four-year-old Château Mouton Rothschild and it tasted of rotten mushrooms. The label of naked dancing Bacchantes, I later learned, was designed by a noted Surrealist painter and sculptress, which was distinctly odd since Blunt’s biographer tells us that he abhorred le Surréalisme (or ‘Superrealism’, as he referred to it) and, besides, that Bordeaux we drank that night was one of the worst vintages of the last two centuries.

As you’re no doubt aware, Brigid Brophy was married to Sir Michael Levey, Director of the National Gallery in London, so her insights into the intimate domestic arrangements of Anthony Blunt’s top floor flat at the Courtauld Institute in Portman Square are to be relished for their candour. ‘Whenever we went there, the evening was tattered by brief incursions of young men introduced by first name only, who might have been sailors or might of been students of Poussin or were very likely both.’

What then, drove Brigid Antonia Brophy to identify so completely with her host of those tattered evenings as to write a gender-bending satire in which the Anthony she knew became the Antonia of her sapphic alter ego? Answer: ‘What my imagination did, when it picked him up by the scruff of his neck, was change his sex and make him the headmistress of a finishing school for girls. Perhaps it was the hell he had imagined for himself.’

The Two Antonias.

Were any evidence needed that Brigid Brophy, that remarkable Firbankian pastichiste, was possessed of a wit of outshining intellectual brilliancy then the following passage from her girls’ school fantasia, The Finishing Touch (1963), set on the Riviera, would bear out the claim:
    Twenty-six heads bent over the school’s die-stamped paper …  At least thirteen tongue tips protruded in concentration.
     Scurrying pens on the paper made a noise like cicadas.
     Outside, as the sun rose to zenith, cicadas made a noise like scurrying pens.
Just think. Ten years earlier, aged twenty-four, she was writing schoolgirl adventure fiction in my sister’s Collins Magazine for Boys & Girls, a feat of recall that seemingly allows me to pluck ephemera out of the air yet is explained by our crammed family attic, where our childhood favourite reads still remain stowed. 

Quite by chance, a yellowed Collins Annual fell open the other day at the first page of Brophy’s Story of an Old Master and a Very Old Umbrella. It is a strangely resonant text that presents us with an unusual opportunity to observe, in a seemingly innocent text for children, nascent epigrammatic locutions stirring in those transgressive preoccupations that were to shape her idiosyncratic mature prose. The gallery she describes in the yarn, by the way, is pretty certainly the National.
     ‘But it can’t possible rain to-day,’ protested the boy, looking up at the blue sky.
     ‘Aunt Sarah,’ explained his sister, ‘is an alarmist. She probably sees our quiet visit to the gallery as a reckless adventure fraught with perils.’
     ‘I wish it were,’ her brother said gloomily. Then his spirits seemed to brighten. ‘Perhaps it will be,’ he added, and used the umbrella to hail the ’bus.
I shall not spoil the fun for those coming fresh to Brophy’s Bluntian satire, but, as she wrote in her review of Myra Breckinridge, ‘The trans-sex fantasy explodes, I suspect, at a level even deeper than the one from which it liberates the homosexual imprisoned in every heterosexual and also, of course, the heterosexual in every homosexual ...’

Not that these insights would necessarily have conditioned my own perceptions of Blunt’s character, which have been mediated latterly through my studies of graphology; studies that have revealed in his handwriting a hunted, haunted, inherently secretive man whose every pen stroke appears to express the intense anxiety and caution underlying his warped purpose.

So how close was Brophy to the truth of Blunt’s character in 1963, sixteen years before the Keeper of the Queen’s Pictures was publicly exposed as a Soviet spy reporting to his masters in the Soviet Intelligence service, the NKVD? Let us, then, examine common features of resemblance in The Finishing Touch where the traits of francophone headmistress Antonia Mount and francophone institute director Anthony Blunt coincide.

Alcohol.

‘My dear ... It’s a night, perhaps, for Chartreuse?’
‘Yellow or green?’ ...
‘...put out both, my dear, if you would ... I am a person,’ said Antonia,‘who all her long life has been unable to decide whether she prefers green or yellow Chartreuse.’
...
Antonia poured a glass of madeira from a decanter strangely stoppered.

Bilingualism.

Non, elle me ferait une scène, Antonia thought, hating, above all things in life, scenes ... I am tired. I am, even, old … I am—utterly—excédée.

Exhaustion.

‘Have you,’ Antonia exhaustedly enquired, ‘had another parcel of instructions from the Palace?’
‘I have, my dear. Such impossible things they seem to require. Their mind seems to run on lavatories.’
‘What,’ asked Antonia, ‘from the Keeper of the Privy this and the Privy that, can one expect ...?’

Fondness for English sailors.

O dreadful, dreadful tropical kit, the white socks long and the white trousers short ... [a] uniform one would expect to see directing the traffic from a white tub in Morocco ... And yet ... there was ... A charm, even, in the absurd uniform, in revealing the knees (could they be made to blush?). Pleasure could be derived from these northern complexions (so easily blushing for one thing) which took so ruddily to southern sun ...
And finally, and devastatingly, here is virtually an entire chapter from Brophy that spookily (in 1963) foresees a future of denied honours (Antonia Mount’s fictive Damehood thwarted, and Anthony Blunt’s very real knighthood stripped from him) ... and, moreover, daringly touches upon the BIG SECRET that MI5 had kept the lid on for more than a decade ...

Treason and Communism.

(Opening paragraph of Chapter XI)
    ‘I say. get me some background on this [Antonia] Mount woman, will you?
    ‘Right. I’ll look through the files. You’ll have to tap the old boy network.’
    ‘Right.’
    ‘Find out if she’s that kind of woman.
    ‘Right you are. If she’s a communist, you mean?’
    ‘No, no, no, no, no’ (agacé).
 ‘Beneath Brophy‘s sparkling and perfumed prose lay deeper rococo corruption.’ 
Sir Peter Stothard (introduction to 2013 reissue of The Finishing Touch).

Blunt’s zigzagging signature is composed of lots of sharp points, so he is likely to have been waspish in his comments. The sharp angle on the A shows hardness and probing.  This seems to be rather resentful writing, there are lots of sharp angles, which means that he possibly took things personally and saw slights where none was intended. And note, also, his arrow-shaped flourish is pointing Leftward.
Evidently, there was strong need in the signatory to see his name much sharpened, and his signature gives the whetted edge to what was hereditarily Blunt.
(From In Search of the Fourth Man, 2008, Ambit 193.)

For further remarks recording Blunt’s views on Social Realism in art, see . . .
http://catherineeisnerfrance.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/sussex-exodus-of-altisonant-frogs.html
and also some reflections on Anthony Blunt’s psychometric profile from Intelligence sources:
http://catherineeisnerfrance.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/stoneburgh-spy-campus-pt-3-religio.html
and also more of Brigid Brophy’s penetrating insights may be read in the footnote to:
https://catherineeisnerfrance.blogspot.com/2016/06/maimed-hero-frankenstein-exhumed-tragic.html 

Catherine Eisner believes passionately in plot-driven suspense fiction, a devotion to literary craft that draws on studies in psychoanalytical criminology and psychoactive pharmacology to explore the dark side of motivation, and ignite plot twists with unexpected outcomes. Within these disciplines Eisner’s fictions seek to explore variant literary forms derived from psychotherapy and criminology to trace the traumas of characters in extremis. Compulsive recurring sub-themes in her narratives examine sibling rivalry, rivalrous cousinhood, pathological imposture, financial chicanery, and the effects of non-familial male pheromones on pubescence, 
see Eisner’s Sister Morphine (2008)
http://catherineeisnerfrance.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/sister-morphine.html
and Listen Close to Me (2011)
http://catherineeisnerfrance.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/published-this-autumn-listen-close-to.html  
and A Bad Case (2015)